Quantification of saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin in human urine utilizing isotope dilution tandem mass spectrometry.

Saxitoxin and neosaxitoxin are potent neurotoxins that can cause paralytic shellfish poisoning when consumed. A new assay is presented here to quantify saxitoxin (STX) and neosaxitoxin (NEO) in human urine samples. Sample preparation of 500-microL samples included the use of weak-cation-exchange solid-phase extraction in a multiplexed 96-well format. Extracts were preconcentrated and analyzed via 10-min hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography followed by electrospray ionization. Protonated molecular ions were quantified via multiple reaction monitoring mode in a Qtrap mass spectrometer. The method uses novel 15N7-isotopically enriched STX and NEO internal standards. Method validation included the characterization of two enriched urine pools. The lowest reportable limits for STX and NEO were 4.80 and 10.1 ng/mL, respectively, using both quantification and confirmation ions. These two toxins were not detected in a reference range of humans who consumed seafood in the preceding 72 h, suggesting that few false positives would occur when trying to identify people exposed to STX or NEO.

Compositional analysis of isobutylene/p-methylstyrene copolymers by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

A low molecular weight predominantly polyolefin copolymer of isobutylene and para methylstyrene (IMS) was studied using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry. Average composition information derived from the spectra was skewed to higher para methylstyrene (pMS) content as compared to that obtained using multiple NMR techniques, and drifted towards lower pMS incorporation at higher oligomer lengths. Although both observations were initially attributed in total to an inability to ionize the isobutylene component, comparison with subsequent field desorption (FD) mass spectrometry results gave similar values to that obtained via MALDI, even though FD ionizes oligomers not detected by MALDI. Instead, the compositional drift observed with MALDI roughly mirrored the mass distribution, and was determined to arise from a mass bias effect in oligomer ionization and detection. Composition with respect to oligomer mass was found to be relatively constant, although similarly higher in pMS content. Comparison of experimental peaks with a Bernoullian statistical model revealed severe overrepresentation of higher pMS composition oligomers with regard to the calculated distribution. This discrepancy is attributed to preferential ionization of oligomers with greater pMS content, and likely results in the observed difference between MALDI and NMR compositions.

Formation of oligomers in secondary organic aerosol.

The formation of oligomeric molecules, an important step in secondary organic aerosol production, is reported. Aerosols were produced by the reaction of alpha-pinene and ozone in the presence of acid seed aerosol and characterized by exact mass measurements and tandem mass spectrometry. Oligomeric products between 200 and 900 u were detected with both electrospray ionization and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization. The exact masses and dissociation products of these ions were consistent with various combinations of the known primary products of this reaction ("monomers") with and/or without the expected acid-catalyzed decomposition products of the monomers. Oligomers as large as tetramers were detected. Both aldol condensations and gem-diol reactions are suggested as possible pathways for oligomer formation. Exact mass measurements also revealed reaction products that cannot be explained by simple oligomerization of monomers and monomer decomposition products, suggesting the existence of complex reaction channels. Chemical reactions leading to oligomer formation provide a reasonable answer to a difficult problem associated with secondary organic aerosol production in the atmosphere. It is unlikely that monomers alone play an important role in the formation and growth of nuclei in the atmosphere as their Kelvin vapor pressures are too high for them to significantly partition into the particle phase. Polymerization provides a mechanism by which partitioning to the particle phase becomes favored.

Characterization and relative ionization efficiencies of end-functionalized polystyrenes by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry.

The properties and relative ionization efficiencies of a series of polystyrenes (PS) with hydroxyl, hydrogen, tertiary amine, and quaternary amine end-functionalities were examined by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). The hydrogen and hydroxyl functionalized PS ionized via attachment of a single Ag(+) cation, as expected. However, tertiary amine PS oligomers were found in (M - H)(+) and (M + H)(+) forms, in addition to M + Ag(+), while the quaternary amine PS oligomers only ionized to the M(+) form. Analysis of tertiary amine PS spectra revealed varying ratios of the three ionic forms depending on the oligomer length, pointing to a change in ionization efficiency. When the bulk samples were compared, the quaternary amine end-functionalized PS gave a ten-fold higher ionization efficiency over all others studied, likely because of the preexisting charge on the functionality. Samples with hydroxyl and hydrogen functionalities had similar ionization efficiencies, with the tertiary amine slightly higher, depending on the molecular weight. Changes in molecular weight affected the relative ionization efficiencies in varying fashion depending on the end functionality, though average molecular weight measurements were largely unaffected by end-functionality. Quantification of end-functionalized polystyrenes with different ionization efficiencies was found to be possible if due care was taken.

A health and seroepidemiological survey in Bridgetown, Barbados

A 10 percent sample of households in District 13 and 14 were studied by health questionnaire and blood sample. Of 1399 persons in the target houses, blood samples were obtained from 1109 or an 80 percent response rate. Of 290 children examined, 26 percent had active skin disease and 10 percent (28 children) had group A Hemolytic streptococci on the skin, 7 percent were pharyngeal and 1.4 percent were nasal carriers. Twenty-one of the children had some degree of proteinuria (trace or more). Cardiac murmurs were found in 30 of 67 adults (30 percent) and in 31 of 238 children (11 percent) examined. Serological tests reveal that (1) only 40 percent of persons of all ages have rubella antibody. (2) Twenty percent have CF antibody to dengue and the age distribution of antibody indicates an outbreak 25 years ago. (3) Eight percent have reactive VDRL tests of which 92.9 percent have been confirmed by the FTA/absorbed test. (4) Over 95 percent have antibody to Epstein-Barr virus (the cause of infectious mononucleosis) and 78.5 percent have antibody to dytomegalovirus. (5) Antibody to A2/Hong Kong influenza virus was present in 84.9 percent and to influenza group B in 68.3 percent. (6) Adequate levels of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxin were found in 70 percent of the sera from 100 children. (7) Initial tests for poliomyelitis antibody suggest low or absent levels in some children despite a vigorous immunization programme. The importance of the survey in planning immunization and control programmes will be discussed (AU)

Incidence and types of group a streptococcal pyoderma and pharyngitis in children in Barbados

Group A streptococci recovered with equal frequency from the skin or upper respiratory tract during two winter months from children in Barbados under 15 years of age. Pyoderma affected 21 percent of this group and nearly half (44 percent) of the cases were associated with Group A streptococci. No evidence of nephritis was found in patients with pyoderma or upper respiratory tract isolates and may be due to the absence of nephritogenic strains in the population at the time of the study or a low attack rate of disease within a small group. T-type patterns 11/12 in the skin and 3/13/B 3264 in the upper respiratory tract were recovered most commonly. Further studies are needed to determine the importance of streptococci infection in this population (AU)